Why Form 4 Codes M and S Appear Together: Measuring Exercise-and-Sell Events
Across 74,332 Form 4 exercise events, 37.8% included a same-filing sale and nearly three quarters of those paired events sold approximately all exercised shares.
Uncovering the market's hidden narratives through SEC filings, cluster buys, and quantitative data analysis.
Across 74,332 Form 4 exercise events, 37.8% included a same-filing sale and nearly three quarters of those paired events sold approximately all exercised shares.
Research library
9 reports
A study of 66,043 direct-ownership Form 4 sale events finds that the fraction of reported holdings sold adds context, but does not produce a stable 180-day return ranking by itself.
Across 74,332 Form 4 exercise events, 37.8% included a same-filing sale and nearly three quarters of those paired events sold approximately all exercised shares.
A reproducible Form 4 screening workflow uses SEC transaction codes, canonical filings and owner-event aggregation to separate reported purchases from grants, exercises and tax withholding.
An empirical guide to SEC Form 4 codes shows why grants, exercises and tax withholding dominate the raw data—and why code P represents only 3.00% of the release.
A study of 7,804 direct Form 4 purchase events finds that larger position increases had slightly higher raw outcomes, but no stable or monotonic premium.
A matched-company study of 2,948 mature purchase events finds the clearest buy-versus-sale separation in Technology and Healthcare—and little evidence for one universal insider signal.
An evidence-based workflow for turning 1.63 million ownership records into defensible purchase events—without inventing market-cap, benchmark or momentum controls.
A corrected study of 14,485 mature company-day purchase events finds a modest, persistent cluster association—but no 6+ insider magic threshold.
A corrected Form 4 study finds similar post-transaction outcomes for CEO and CFO purchases—and no robust evidence that CFO buys deserve a universal premium.